The Bearing Analysis Handbook

This is the first book dedicated solely to accurate diagnosis of defects in antifriction bearings using vibration analysis. It contains 10 chapters and 297 pages of analytical descriptions of how bearings generate frequencies, and how to determine the kind of defect, defect size, and the cause of failure. Each theory is supported by calculations and case histories. The format guides the reader through the process of data collection to advanced analysis. Review questions are located at the end of each chapter.

Chapter 1 - Introduction
Background
Technology Trends
Economics
Identified Problems
Bearing Inspection
Post-bearing Inspections
Measurement Units and Graphs
Organization
Chapter 2 - Frequency Calculations
Introduction
Frequencies Generated
Rotating Unit Frequency or Speed
Fundamental Train Frequency
Ball Pass Frequency of the Outer Race
Ball Pass Frequency of the Inner Race
Two Times Ball/Roller Spin Frequency
Internal Geometry
Calculated Bearing Frequencies
Examples of How Bearings Generate Frequencies
The Effects of Thrust Loading
Chapter 3 - Data Collection
Introduction
Analysis Tips
Internal Geometry
Frequency Calculations
Applied Technology
Transducer Selection
Data Collection
Processing the Data
Diagnosing the Problem
Transducer Selection
Units of Measurement
Accelerometers
Piezoelectric Velocity Transducers
Displacement Transducers
Velocity Transducers
Transducer Comparison
Low Frequency Data Collection
Time and Frequency Resolution
Resolution of the Frequency Spectrum
Resolution of the Time Domain Signal
Chapter 4 - Bearing Defect Patterns & Analysis
Introduction
L-10 Failures
Pre-installation Inspections Prevent Failures
Post Installation Failures
Premature Failures
Installation and Operational Problems
Inadequate Surface Contact
Thrust Loading
Fluting
Lubrication Problems
Chapter 5 - How Bearings Generate Frequencies
Introduction
Electronic Theory
Machine Generated Signals
An Explanation of Various Pulses Generated by Bearings
Conclusion on Pulses
Defects in Bearings with a Few Thousandths Clearance
The Defect Excites a Natural Frequency
Case History – Cracked Inner Race on a Press Roll
Defect on a Roller
Summary
Signals Generated by Shallow Flaking Spalls
Bearings that Generate Harmonics of Bearing Frequency
Spherical and Tapered Roller Bearings
Chapter 6 - Analysis Techniques
Introduction
Case History #1 – Shallow Flaking Spall on a 22314CJ Spherical Roller Bearing
Preparation for Data Collection
Data Collection
Processing and Analyzing Data
Diagnosing the Problem
Analysis Tips
Looseness
Assignment of Priority for Repair
Defect Length on the Rotating Race
Case History #2 – Defect on the Outer Race of a 5308 Ball Bearing
Chapter 7 - Case Histories – Inner Race Defects
Introduction
Case History #1 – Defect on the Inner Race of a 6313 Single Row Ball Bearing
Case History #2 – Defect on the Inner Race of a 22238C Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #3 – Cracked Inner Race on a 232600 Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #4 – Looseness and Spalls on a Split Race Spherical Roller Bearing
Summary
Chapter 8 - Case Histories – Outer Race Defects
Introduction
Case History #1 – Defect on the Outer Race of a NU319 Cylindrical Roller Bearing
Case History #2 – Deep Fatigue Spall on the Outer Race of a 23224 Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #3 – Shallow Flaking Spall on the Outer Race of a 23226 Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #4 – Defect on the Outer Race of a 22234C Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #5 – Fluting in a Tapered Roller Bearing
Case History #6 – Fluting in a Ball Bearing
Summary
Chapter 9 - Case Histories – Ball/Roller Defects, Looseness, & Inadequate Lubrication
Ball and Roller Defects
Case History #1 – Defect on the Balls of a 6314 Ball Bearing
Case History #2 – Defect on a 22234C Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #3 – Defect on the Rollers of a Tapered Roller Bearing
Case History #4 – Defects on the Rollers of a 22315C Spherical Roller Bearing
Conclusion on Ball and Roller Defects
Looseness and Inadequate Lubrication
Case History #5 – Severe Looseness in a 5414 Angular Contact Ball Bearing
Case History #6 – Looseness and Defect on the Outerand Inner Races of a 6310 Ball Bearing
Case History #7 – Looseness and Defect on the Inner Race of a 5309E Ball Bearing
Case History #8 – Misalignment and Looseness in a Fan Driven by a Direct Coupled Motor
Case History #9 – Looseness in a 22222 Spherical Roller Bearing
Case History #10 – Bearing Loose in the Housing 260 Frequencies and Speeds
Case History #12 – Inadequate Lubrication of a 6313 Ball Bearing
Conclusion on Looseness and Inadequate Lubrication
Chapter 10 – Conclusions